赛卡特·巴苏 陈俭贞/译
Much like a “guru”1 is a spiritual leader and teacher， a geek is a technology leader and teacher. Geeks introduce us to brave new worlds， with visions of the future. Many of the early pioneers of the internet illustrate that geeks often develop new ideas for the “love of the game，” without seeking fame or fortune.
正如“古魯”是宗教领袖和导师，极客是科技领域的引领者和导师，怀揣着对未来的憧憬，带领人们进入美好的新世界。许多早期互联网先驱的事迹表明，极客们创新理念往往是出于“对行业的热爱”，而并非为了追名逐利。
The following geek list is of people whom you might not recognize if you bumped into them at the neighborhood mall. So no Steve Jobs， Bill Gates， Sergey Brin and Larry Page， or Mark Zuckerberg.
以下列举的极客，假如你在社区商场偶遇他们，也不一定认得出来。这么说吧，本文介绍的杰出极客不包括史蒂夫·乔布斯、比尔·盖茨、谢尔盖·布林与拉里·佩奇，或者马克·扎克伯格。
Alan Turing
艾伦·图灵
Famous Geekiness：
The Turing Machine in second place. His effect on the outcome of the Second World War in the first.
著名的极客成就：若论对第二次世界大战结果的影响，图灵本人于居首位，图灵机位列第二。
The famous cipher breaker is regarded as the Father of Computer Science. He also made a lasting contribution to the ideas about artificial intelligence. The Turing Machine was the forefather of the modern computer algorithm. It is a hypothetical model that explains computational logic and can even be used to explain a CPU. Think of it as the simplest computer of its kind.
图灵是著名的密码破译者，被称为“计算机科学之父”，同时对人工智能概念产生了深远的影响。作为现代计算机算法的鼻祖，图灵机是一个能够解释计算机逻辑，甚至能解释中央处理器原理的假设模型，可视作同类计算机中最简单的一种。
Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf
鲍勃·卡恩和文特·瑟夫
Famous Geekiness：
Proposed and gave form to the Internet we know today in a paper titled ‘A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection.
著名的极客成就：在题为“分组网络互联协议”的一篇论文中，提出了人们今天所知的因特网的构想和形态。
Considered to be the “Fathers of the Internet”， Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn thought of and created the TCP/IP suite of communication protocols that is the virtual backbone of the Internet. Transmission Control Protocol （TCP） and the Internet Protocol for the first time enabled a diverse range of computers and networks to ‘talk with one another， truly creating a global connection.
“因特网之父”文特·瑟夫和鲍勃·卡恩构想并创建的通信协议套件——传输控制协议/因特网协议——是因特网的虚拟主干网。传输控制协议和因特网协议使各类不同的计算机与网络首次实现相互“交谈”，真正创建了全球连接。
Sir Tim Berners-Lee
蒂姆·伯纳斯-李爵士
Famous Geekiness：
Invented the World Wide Web.
著名的极客成就：发明了万维网。
While working at CERN2 he proposed the idea of hypertext that would allow researchers to share information across the Internet in the form of hypertext documents. What was meant to be a way for information interchange between scientists， became a global interconnected network， the Web we know today. Tim Berners-Lee also created the first browser， the first web editor， and the first website at CERN.
在欧洲核子研究中心工作时，蒂姆·伯纳斯-李爵士提出了超文本的构想，使得研究人员能够以超文本文档的形式在因特网上共享信息。原本科学家们用来交流信息的一种方式成了一个全球互联网络，即人们今天熟知的万维网。此外，蒂姆·伯纳斯-李还在欧洲核子研究中心创建了第一个浏览器、第一个网站编辑器，以及第一个网站。
Interesting Fact：
His father Conway Berners-Lee and mother Mary Lee Woods both worked on the development of Ferranti Mark 1， the worlds first commercial electronic computer.
轶闻趣事：蒂姆的父亲康威·伯纳斯-李和母亲玛丽·李·伍兹都参与了世界上第一台商用电子计算机费兰蒂1号的研发。
Ralph H. Baer
拉尔夫·H.贝尔
Famous Geekiness：
Video games pioneer， considered to be the Father of Video Games for his contributions.
著名的极客成就：电子游戏先驱，因其贡献被视作“电子游戏之父”。
Ralph H. Baer developed the Brown Box （later the Magnavox Odyssey）， the first home video game console. He also created the first light gun and brought in cartridges3 as part of console games. He almost single-handedly4 gave birth to what today is a multi-billion dollar industry.
拉尔夫·H.贝尔开发了第一款家用电子游戏机——“棕色盒子”（“米罗华奥德赛”的前身）。此外，他还研发了第一把光枪，把子弹射击引入到主机游戏中，几乎以一己之力创造了如今价值数十亿美元的产业。
Interesting fact：
Ralph H. Baer was a television engineer by profession and later also created the classic Simon5 for Mattel6.
轶闻趣事：拉尔夫·H.贝尔是一名专业的电视工程师，后来还为美泰公司设计了经典的西蒙游戏。
Ray Tomlinson
雷·汤姆林森
Famous Geekiness：
Creator of email.
著名的极客成就：发明了电子邮件。
Just when Internet was coming into being via its predecessor， the ARPANET7 in 1971， Ray Tomlinson created something that in time made postmen worry about their future and us forget about the art of letter writing. The email had humble beginnings when it was sent from one machine to another that was next to it. Later other mail handling protocols were established and email rapidly evolved as a form of communication.
1971年，名為阿帕网的互联网络面世，它是因特网的前身。这个时候雷·汤姆林森又发明了电子邮件，电子邮件最终让邮递员们为自己的未来担忧，也令我们遗忘了写信的艺术。电子邮件起初并不起眼，只能从一台机器发送到旁边的另一台机器。后来建立了其他的邮件处理协议，电子邮件一跃成为一种通信形式。
Interesting fact：
The @ symbol was used by Ray Tomlinson to tell which user was at what computer in the building they were all in.
轶闻趣事：雷·汤姆林森用@符号来辨别一栋楼里不同计算机的用户。
Dennis Ritchie
丹尼斯·里奇
Famous Geekiness：
Created the “C” programming language and the UNIX operating system （with Ken Thompson）.
著名的极客成就：与肯·汤普森共同创建了C程序设计语言和UNIX操作系统。
The importance of C is that it can be used to code without worrying about the hardware platform. It is the core of many operating systems from Mac OS X to iOS and Android. Many hardware drivers are written in C. As the geeky saying goes， real men code in C.
C语言的重要性在于，它可以用于编写代码，而不用担心硬件平台的问题。C语言是苹果电脑操作系统、苹果移动设备操作系统和安卓系统等众多操作系统的核心。许多硬件驱动程序都是用C语言编写的。就像极客们所说的那样，真正的男人用C语言写代码。
Interesting fact：
Dennis Ritchie along with Brian Kernighan authored The C Programming Language， the most definitive book on the topic. They were the first to introduce the “Hello World” program which continues to be used as an example first program by everyone.
轶闻趣事：丹尼斯·里奇和布莱恩·克尼汉合著了C语言的权威性著作《C程序设计语言》。两人首创的“你好，世界”程序一直是公认的初学者入门示例。
Jarkko Oikarinen
亚尔科·奥伊卡里宁
Famous Geekiness：
Created the oldest multi-chat protocol in the world.
著名的极客成就：创建了世界上第一个多人聊天协议。
In 1988， Jarkko Oikarinen created the Internet Relay Chat （IRC）. IRC was the worlds first real-time chat protocol. It is still going strong with thousands of networks and IRC servers around the world. IRC clients are available for every operating system and todays IRC clients， unlike their text-only predecessors， also allow file sharing.
1988年，亚尔科·奥伊卡里宁创建了世界上第一个实时聊天协议——因特网中继聊天（IRC）。IRC如今仍然活跃在全球成千上万的网络和IRC服务器中。它的客户端适用于所有操作系统，且不同于早前的纯文本版本，如今的IRC客户端支持文件共享。
Bram Cohen
布拉姆·科恩
Famous Geekiness：
Created BitTorrent.
著名的极客成就：创建了比特流。
You might have heard about BitTorrent but not about Bram Cohen. The American computer programmer wrote the peer-to-peer protocol which enables us to share files of any type simultaneously with other users around the world. He also programmed the BitTorrent client.
你可能知道比特流，但未必知道布拉姆·科恩。這位美国计算机程序员编写了点对点协议，使我们能够与世界各地的其他用户同时共享任何类型的文件。他还开发了比特流客户端程序。
Michael Hart
迈克尔·哈特
Famous Geekiness：
Creator of the electronic book （eBook）.
著名的极客成就：发明了电子书。
Michael Hart is probably the least geeky person on this list， but his contribution is profound and could be more so as knowledge expands and spreads. Thanks to eBooks. He is also the founder of Project Gutenberg， the worlds first online public library that makes available books out of copyright （Public Domain9）.
迈克尔·哈特也许是这些极客中最不像极客的人，但他的贡献影响深远，并且随着知识的扩展和传播，影响可能更加深远。这一切要归功于电子书。迈克尔·哈特也是世界上第一个在线公共图书馆“古登堡计划”的创始人，该计划为读者提供版权到期的书籍（公版书）。
Interesting fact：
He typed in by hand the first 300+ books made available on Project Gutenberg.
轶闻趣事：迈克尔·哈特手工输入了古登堡计划最初的300多本书。
（译者为“《英语世界》杯”翻译大赛获奖者）
How to Tell a Geek and a Nerd Apart
Geeks often wear T-shirts displaying their object of interest. Nerds may appear carelessly dressed.
Geeks， whether introverted or extroverted， can talk ad nauseum about their interests. Nerds prefer to spend time engaged in an activity or study rather than talking about it.
Geeks very likely keeps a collection， such as figurines， collector cards， video games. Nerds possibly has a messy home， since their focus will be on interests， not mundane tasks like cleaning.
Geeks are ideal candidates for employment that allows them to share their interests with others. Nerds want employment that requires a high level of specialized knowledge.
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